Christian Worldview and Culture Essay Example for Free

Christian Worldview and Culture EssayTodays cultural landscape has been shaped by the likes of MTV (entertainment), Steve Jobs (technology), and Mark Zuckerberg (social networking). Society often prefers accepting the worldviews of these and other influential people, rather than hearing the message of the Good peeleds of messiah Christ which offers redemption to a fallen world. We cannot ignore the reality that a vast majority of cultural advancements are produced by non-Christian gardening- organisers, who, as they become more self-conscious and consistent with their anti-Christian stance, will express their unbelief in their artifacts with increa lousinessg boldness. Christians cannot dismiss the impact and relevance these contri furtherions have make on society. One of the great challenges believers are confronted with is exploitation an reasonableness of the importance of expressing and sharing our Christian worldview in the midst of various competing ideologies. One of the hidden ideologies that secular tillage promotes is that we can take care of ourselves thus, refuting some(prenominal) notion that we are dependent on Christ to meet each gentlemans gentleman need, including the need for salvation. Christian disengagement from culture is contrary to Christs example of Incarnation.Christ did not consider human culture unworthy of his attention and love. He set aside his divinity and put on human flesh so that he could engage us on a social and cultural level. The great commission is an affirmation of Christs propensity for his followers to go into all the word, engaging culture and preaching the credo. What is Culture? Culture can be defined using three divergent approaches agricultural, sociological, and anthropological. The agricultural approach to delimit culture is derived from the Latin cultura meaning to plow or till. Culture is understood from a farming or agricultural posture which entails the practice of cultivating the soil, producing crops, and raising full of purportstock. The reference to someone creation cultured is drawn from this farming metaphor. Education in this sense is the cultivation of the mind. The sociological approach to defining culture deals with social class discreteions of high (elite) and low (mass) culture. This aesthetic standpoint is mainly concerned with the intellectual and artistic achievements of a society. High culture is associated with the highest ideals of what is (in a subjective sense) good.A cultured soul is one who has been acquainted with and educated in the finer things of art, literature, music, etiquette, socialization, as so on. The anthropological perspective regarding culture is concerned with the whole way of invigoration of a group or society, not just its better achievements. Unlike the sociological perspective, this approach does not make distinctions mingled with sophisticated and primitive social groups.It simply acknowledges that all activity wh ich is produced by a social group (texts, art, music, food, artifacts, philosophy, ethics, etc. is that groups culture. H. Richard Niebuhr states, Social life is always cultural and culture is the product of human achievement. Humanity Was Created For Good Works Culture, as expressed by the creativity of human activity, is a think overion of God who Himself is a creative being. Human understanding of order and beauty is only possible because of Gods magnificent creation of the welkin and the earth. God validated the beauty of creation when He saw all that he had made was very good (Genesis 131).Man and woman were created in the divine image and likeness (imago dei) of God and were entrusted by God to care for and tend to His creation. Man was given the responsibility of cultivating the Garden of Eden and in doing so bringing glory to the Creator. Here we should take notice between the similarities of the word cultura (plow, till) and cultus which is a veneration of the divine. Thi s should give us a great insight regarding how the human race was called to interact deliberately with the earthworking, tilling, cultivatingwhile at the same time lovingly serving his divine Master and worshiping his Maker.cristal performed his culturative activities in response to and as a reflection of Gods creative acts. Competing Worldviews All of humanitys artistic and creative works reflect the worldview of those who created them. As a result of the Fall the imago dei has become distorted, causing humanity to shift the focus of their creative and culturative activities away from exclusive worship to God. As a result humanity has developed unholy motives even though superficially our creative activities may be of some benefit.Mans creative issuing is disorientedseeking to glorify himself through the works of his own hands. Once we understand that all human creative confinements are a reflection of the privileged beliefs and values of the mind and spirit, we can assess the intention of human activity properly. The Tower of Babel (Genesis 11) was the product of human efforts to succeed, using human ability, independent of God. Todays pop culture seeks to create a new Babel in which human achievement and technological advancement create the false notion that we can live independent of God, or even worse, have no need of God.Thus, culture always reflects a societys religious and philosophical values, flowing out of the marrow squashas it wereof the society which produces it. A Christian worldview based on Gods Word will discern the the ideologic bias of the medium and ideological content of the message of non-Christian (and Christian) artifacts. This is essential for the Christian because there is no neutrality in the message embedded in the works of man. We are not swooning spectators, We must take sides at all times in everything we do. Christian Approach to Culture (Christ and Culture)There has been much debate as to the extent in which Christia ns are to engage the culture that we live and worship in. Should Christians adapt a Monastic approach secluding ourselves from society? Or, are we to engage the world in such(prenominal) manner that our Christian distinctiveness is lost? H. Richard Niebuhr, in his book Christ and Culture, suggests several Christian answers to the problem of Christ and culture. Niebuhr offers five approaches Christians have historically interpreted in an effort to understand their position in Christ and involvement with culture.These are Christ against culture, Christ of culture, Christ above culture, Christ and culture in paradox, and Christ the transformer of culture. The Christ against culture approach proposes that loyalty to Christ is a rejection of cultural society. He critiques this stance as a radically Christian answer to the problem of culture. Indeed, it is impossible for a Christian, or any person, to totally reject and remove themselves from the influence of and involvement with cultur e. God has taken the opposition approach.He did not reject the world when Adam sinned, but rather industrious the world and put into motion the plan of redemption through Jesus Christ. Christ stepped into our earthly realm and became subject to the influences and temptations of human culture yet was without sin (Hebrews 415). Christs relationship to culture was to use the elements of culture to reveal God the Father and the Kingdom of Heaven to fallen humanity. The second model, Christ of culture, is the opposite of the against culture model. It seeks social and cultural engagement with the world.It attempts to make the gospel meaningful to society by extending its reach beyond a selected little band of saints and is able to engage those of high and low social strata. While the effort to make Christ a part of culture may reach those who would remain otherwise unreached, there is a susceptibility to distort the figure of the New Testament Jesus in an effort to accommodate a social- gospel agenda. This is done by relegating Jesus into what we need him to be in an attempt to lot our social and cultural problems.Jesus is a great humanitarian if we are fighting for human rights or a great teacher if we are engaged in philosophical debate. Again, this model can be useful in reaching out to the culture, but we cannot compromise the truthfulness of the gospel for a item social agenda. The third gear paradigm is Christ above culture. This view proposes that the fundamental issue does not lie between Christ and the world but between God and man. By placing Christ at the center, and not against culture, this approach avoids separating the experience of grace from cultural activity.There are three distinct groups in this category synthesists, dualists, and conversionists. Synthesists affirm Christ and culture (both/and) rejecting a Christ or culture (either/or) approach. They maintain that Jesus is both God and man, one person with two natures and that the works of h uman nature cannot be separated from the grace of God, for all those works are possible only by grace. Essentially, Christ cannot be against culture because God created nature.Likewise Christs incarnation allowed him to actively participate nd engage with the culture of his day. One area that could lead to problems in this approach is by synthesizing Christ and culture in such a manner where Christ becomes subservient to culture. If culture assumes the dominant role in this synthesis, the church building will risk becoming more cultural and less Christ-like because it has elevated culture to the same status as Christ through whom all things were made and exist and without him nothing was made that has been made (John13). The dualist approach sees Christ and culture in paradox.This view makes sharp distinctions between the temporal and the spiritual life, or between what is external and internal, between body and soul, between the reign of Christ and the world of human works and cul ture. There is a get drawn between God and us. In the dualists view all of human culture is fallen. For dualists the works of Christians within the church and non-Christians outside of the church are as corrupt. The dualists are in a state of paradox since they cannot reconcile the concept of law and grace.They fail to realize that Christ came to earth to remove the line of separation between man and God. As Christians we must understand that while the world is in a fallen state and under law, at the same time it is under grace and we are to go into all the world and preach the good news to all creation (Mark 1615). The third group that embraces a Christ above culture paradigm is the conversionists. What distinguishes conversionists from dualists is their more positive and hopeful attitude toward culture. Conversionists see Christ as the transformer of culture. They embrace the redemptory work of Christ in the here and now. They are not looking to some eschatological future wher e one day they all will be restored. The conversionists have a hopeful outlook regarding culture and look forward to its restoration from a corrupt state. Christ transforms the fallen culture in that he redirects, reinvigorates, and regenerates the life of man from a corrupted state. Once man has been regenerated, he will produce good works.The transformative power of Christ in the life of fallen humanity redeems us For we are his workmanship, created in Christ Jesus for good works, which God prepared beforehand that we should walk in them (Eph. 210). It is not our works which cause us to be redeemed but rather, our works are a testimony to the world that we are no longer jump off by the curse of sin and corruption. Conclusion Because we live in a period of world history that offers the greatest tools and opportunities for cultural engagement, we cannot ignore the importance of understanding Christ role, through the Church, in todays culture. To engage with culture, godliness and ecclesiology needs to be both critical and artistic such engagements require theology to be open to the insights of cultural studies and alert to the ways in which contemporary culture is shaping religion. Social networking sites, email, iPhones, cable TV, movies, music, art, and literature are the vehicles that are being used to promote the beliefs and values of our society. Satan has done a great job in using culture to enslave society, tempting us to sin and forfeit our relationship with God our Creator.Our fleshly appetites are satisfied by images of sexuality, greed, power, and self-assertion. The danger of a culturally advanced society is that it seeks to replace God with its achievements. It seeks salvation, joy, peace, and prosperity via its own human efforts and imaginations. Because we have been brought from darkness to light we must shine the light of the gospel of Christ by engaging the culture in which we live, work, play, and worship. For this reason, every Christian must seize the opportunity that the contemporary circumstances present to us and boldly set out to transform the earth.

Internal marketing Essay Example for Free

Internal marketing EssayInternal marketing is of much importance to an nerve. For any scheme to thrive, it must focusing on the efficiency of the marketing computer program. The internal marketing plan deep down a firm fosters the keep ac callers employees and all its faculty members to being customers of the products that they produce. When employees of an organization purchase the products that they produce, they attract external markets since the public appear there will realize how most-valuable the products ar to them, as much as to the employees. Members of staff ar seen as both suppliers of the redeeming(prenominal)s and similarly the customers of the products. This plan helps in strengthening the firm to employee relationship. When the firm wipe outment relates well with the employees, they are in a way motivated hence quality services will in turn be provided to the customers. Customers will be retained within the organization, thus enabling the company give a competitive advantage. It will be in a position to enlarge its sales consort to the rampant growing demand.Also, the company will increase the process of profit making. In essence, efficiency in internal marketing allows for efficient external marketing efforts (Kotler Armstrong, 2009). A good internal marketing plan unremarkably has distinctive features. For instance, it should create a culture that enables it to outstand all over the vast competitive markets. It is achievable when workers are encouraged to be creative and innovative, responsible and accountable. Employees should be given a chance to exploit their abilities and overly to act in capacity as accountable leaders.The plan should excessively articulate equity, fairness, recognition and demand of outstanding performers. Employees should non be treated according to their rank position, race or gender. This has been a major setback to development hence it should be avoided by all means. It should also accom modate room for furthering the employees skills and knowledge. By fairness, an organization and its staff at large are encouraged to practice and embrace it. For example when some wholeness close dies, support should be provided to his family.The organization crumb effectively deal with this issue through setting aside emergency funds (Ahmed Rafiq, 2002). Coca the skinny as a company has embraced the use of internal marketing plan within its organization, and this has seen it stand still and strong despite the competition offered by Pepsi company which is as well a manufacturer of soft drinks. The company has been strategically managed and thus its products have been wide spread, not only in the United States exclusively also to the rest of the world. It has adopted the use of the 7ps of marketing.The 7ps involves Product, Place, Price and Promotion, Physical Environment, People, Process. Product shows what the company produces and supplies to its vast markets. Examples of such (prenominal) products are sprite, coke and fanta, which mainly dominate the companys markets. Place indicates the actual placement of the manufacturing firm. Currently, manufacture of coca cola products have been spread all over the world. Price is the most important fit of marketing. The company is supposed to regulate the prices through the advice of senior sales representatives.It is the marked price that determines the number of customers an organization will have. Customers should be made aware of the recommended sell prices of the beverages produced. This is usually done so as to discourage the intermediaries from exploiting the customers. When goods are overpriced, the organizations competitors might take advantage of this to take away the customers. Coca Cola Company has interpreted an initiative of inscribing the products recommended prices in the bottle tops, thus preventing occurrence of inconveniences.In marketing, promotion enables the people to know the kind of produ cts the company produces and also gives them a reason wherefore they should purchase them. Promotion activities are crucial because it is the determining factor whether the backing will stand or fall. Physical environment also plays an important design in marketing. The surrounding and the way people domiciling around where a company intends to establish its market agrees to allow the sales agent carry out its activities determines the argumentation marketing future. People may be very hostile hence the care may fail to establish its markets.The processes actually portray the channels a product passes through before being delivered to the end consumer. This may a throw involve how the consumer will handle the product. The employees of this company are given responsibility to manage brands through efficient marketing and also given priority to lay down achievable business strategies (Drake, Gulman Roberts, 2005). Managing directors of the company are spread all over the world a nd the company entrusts them to establish reliable distribution channels, the targeted consumers and the marketing tools that boosts the firms sales.To ensure that it earns huge profits, the company has increased its sales employees and surely this act has enabled it to be at the top rank in the annual ranking of the best brands in the world. much(prenominal) sales agents of the company do put into musing a good customer relationship. They have a sense of efficiency in responding to customers inevitably thus majority of the consumers are retained. To obtain its employees, the coca cola company carries out recruitments. For one to qualify as an employee, he/she must pass the exams administered to them by the companys directors.Also, they are taken through series of interviews and questionnaires, and their competences check against the requirements of the company. spot interviewing, the managers poses questions related to risk management, time management, how to attend to problem s and also issues that focuses on leadership skills. After the employees are hired by the company, they are fed with adequate nurture about the company. This includes how it carries out its day to day activities, its mission and vision. In addition, the organizations goals and objectives are clearly stated to them.This allows the firm management to work together as one with its employees with target of realizing the successful outcome of the companys operations. Employees work output is usually measured in this company on yearly basis. They are rated according to how they have embraced the technology, how they have fostered a sense of leadership and also by how far they established a solid relationship with the consumers. In addition, their innovativeness is recognized and this is checked through analyzing how successful they have been in bringing the outsiders into the company.Their results in terms of making the company realize goals are normally detailed, and the outstanding per formers motivated. This motivation can either take form of increasing their monthly pay, promoting them to higher ranks or even recognizing them by word of mouth. Employees who are deemed as less productive are taken through a probation training. After probation, they are again sent back to the field, and if by this time the company does not see any partake in their productivity, they are left with no option other than dismissing them (Palmer, et al. , 2006).Internal marketing has been of great benefits to the coca cola company. Despite encouraging its workers perform better, it has also allowed them to acquire knowledge on being responsible and accountable. The internal marketing has also deepen better understanding of the organization in line with the business carried out. Employees have been motivated to offer goods of quality to their customers through appreciation of their outstanding surgical process. This plan has again increased the consumer retention capacity and also pe rsonal developments to its employees.Non marketers within the organization has also benefited since they have learned how to carry out their duties in manner-like marketing. To sum up, the internal marketing plan has linked the coca cola business culture, vision, mission and its stipulated strategies with the employees well-disposed needs (Varey, 2002). Behind every successful organization, their must be a chain of problems encountered by it. Depending on how the firm embraces and handles their problems, their success is determined. not all the employees accept change. Some becomes rigid when it comes to embracing the changes in technology.Some employees have deemed the use of computerized systems as a way of narrowing employment opportunities. Such employees can be termed as being illiterate from the fact that computers helps much in keeping efficient and effective inventory of the companys undertakings. The company has also been faced problems based on incompetence of managers, m uch emphasis being in the use of interpersonal, conceptual and technical skills. The rampant spread of social evils such as corruption all over the world has seen the company employ incompetent personnel who lack skills in management.To add, the employed persons within the organization have been portrayed as not only having a poor understanding of the concepts of internal marketing but also as ignoring the orders from the senior staff (Kurtz, 2008). This has been a major problem towards successful establishment of internal marketing plan. Conflicts among the employees and also within different departments have also been a problem. People usually fight over the promotion position have made the work of implementing an internal structure difficult.To the side of the organization, some subordinates ignore the employees and does not put into consideration their welfare. Because of this, employees have reacted to fight for their rights and thus this has been a hindering factor. The spirit of synergy has also been greatly compromised since some top members of the organization over protect important information against its workers. Since there is no trust, the organization is as well less likely to embrace the concept of internal marketing. To summarize, the organizations structure is in most instances rigid.It does not give room for frequent reviewing and thus this has affected the internal concept of marketing. As from the benefits discussed earlier on, it is unavoidably necessary to have an internal marketing plan. This is not only for the success of the business in its environs but also all over the world. Some of the tools that should be put into consideration in successfully implementing a good internal marketing plan involve encouraging employees to have frequent contacts with the human resource managers.The contact can be enhanced through use of e-mails, faxes, telephone services, newsletters and more reliably through physical contacts. This will encourage the m to air their views about the welfare of the organization. Also, they will have a chance to openly air their grievances, more especially on the way they are handled as the companys employees. This allows fast reaction and implementation of their needs in a proper channel. More field work should be encouraged between the employees and their manager. This will allow them to share views freely with their manager and also gain experience.Since managers are normally viewed as people with experience, fieldworks will allow the employees too mingle with their managers and in the process taking note of work should be carried out (Dunmore,2002). Meetings of all the members of staff should be scheduled within reasonable time duration, for instance a fortnight or a month. This enables the organization as a whole to see how far they have deceased in accomplishing its goals and objectives. It also allows them, together with its employees to check on the possible areas that they might have gone wrong in its day to day operations.From here, possible solutions are discussed and carefully thought out strategies of implementation laid out. Changes in career paths are also deemed as a tool of successfully implementing the internal marketing. The employees get to rate themselves on how good they are in sales department. They can check their performance in conjunction with the efforts they put while at work. If they find that marketing is a little pit strenuous, they can pave way for other junior(a) employees and opt for other jobs.Changes in positions should be provided for to those employees initially put on probation. This allows them to be motivated to take up new roles within the organization. In addition, this decreases instances of boredom since the employees are subject to transfers to various departments and place of work. This act boosts the employees morale because they will be in a position to see as being given over to the company than before (Beamish Ashford, 20 07). Internal marketing workshops and also leadership concept seminars should be embraced by the organization.The firm should encourage its employees to attend such seminars as it enables them gain skills that prepares them for future managerial positions. Such seminars also encourage mutual relationship within the organization. Positioning of the employees should be in conformance with the required qualifications. Social evils such as corruption should be avoided within the organization as this may impact negatively to the company. Such people hired through crooked slipway are the ones to collapse the same company since they have gotten used to their bad habits.

Queuing System At The Entrance Of Klimahaus Tourism Essay

Queuing System At The Entrance Of Klimahaus Tourism EssayWaiting in television channel for redevelopment is part of everyday life. As consumption and employment of redevelopment occur simultaneously, variations in learn for service as well as in service time requirements result in idle service faculty at some multiplication and the formation of queues at others. A queue forms whenever the withdraw for service exceeds the existing service capacity. (Fitzsimmons Fitzsimmons, 2006)Experts suggest that no sentiment of customer service is to a greater extent important than the seem in field to be served. (Bennett, 1990, cited in Fitzsimmons Fitzsimmons, 2006, p. 389). The time lag experience, or more precisely the wisdom of time lag time, has a strong effect on customers overall satisfaction with the service ((Pruyn Smidts, 1998). Moreover, if customers find a queue too yen or slow-moving they may balk and decide non to join the service system at all or customers who s uffer joined the queue may renege, which means that they yield a queue before receiving service. Both balking and reneging personify losses in revenue and good give to the service organization (Fitzsimmons Fitzsimmons, 2006 Ou Rao, 2003). Several service operations attention techniques exist to reduce wait time and hence customer balking and reneging, nigh commonality is the variation of service capacity. However, much the reduction of delay time is non feasible cod to the size of the queue, the space of the facility or price factors in personnel which subscribes customer wait inevitable (Pearce, 1989). If hold time postnot be reduced service organizations be advised to find ways to make time pass as quickly and pleasantly as possible (Maister, 1985, cited in Pruyn, 1998). (Pruyn Smidts, 1998) even state that the postponement environment, namely the target, decoration and stimuli which distract customers attention from waiting, is a stronger determinant of servi ce satisfaction than the actual waiting time. Therefore they advise service managers to focus less on reducing waiting clock but to pay attention to the waiting conditions kind of.The understanding of individually feature of a queuing system provides insights and identifies management options for improving customer service (Fitzsimmons Fitzsimmons, 2006). In the following the features of a queuing system argon being described and the incumbent queuing system at the entrance of the Klimahaus Bremerhaven 8 Ost, a science centre positionuated in the phaeton quarter called Havenwelten in Bremerhaven/Germany, is being evaluated. Subsequently, suggestions for improvement ar being made whereby visible, psychological and economic factors are taken into account likewise.2. Queuing SystemsFigure 1 Queuing System root system Fitzsimmons Fitzsimmons, 2006Queuing systems occur in a build of forms but the common essential features of queuing systems are the calling population, the arriv al process, the queue configuration, the queue discip bound and the service process as illustrated in the figure beneath (Fitzsimmons Fitzsimmons, 2006).In the following the individual features of a queuing system will be explained.2.1 Calling populationFigure 2 Calling Population lineage Fitzsimmons Fitzsimmons, 2006Arrivals represent the calling population which can consist of a homogeneous group or of several subpopulations. Subpopulations have different waiting expectations and place different demands on services. In a queuing system the turning of customers requiring service can be limited or unlimited (Fitzsimmons Fitzsimmons, 2006). If the number is impermanent, the number of customers outside the queuing system will depend on the number of customers already in the system and if the number is infinite, the number of customers outside the system in not affected by the number of customers already in the system (Tadj, 1995).2.2 Arrival processAny analysis of a system must begin with a complete understanding of the secular and spacial distribution of the demand for service (Fitzsimmons Fitzsimmons, 2006). Arrival time data can be collected and apply to calculate interarrival times. Generally the distribution of interarrival times is exponential. The exponential distribution gives the luck that the time between arrivals will be t or less (e. g. minutes between arrival) and the so called Poisson distribution gives the hazard of n arrivals during the time interval t (e. g. arrivals per hour). Both distributions represent alternative views of the same process (Fitzsimmons Fitzsimmons, 2006). Characteristic for the exponential distribution is the no memory-property which means that the probability distribution of the time until the next arrival is independent of the last arrival (Tadj, 1995).2.3 get hold configurationQueue configuration is the design of a waiting line system and refers to the number of queues, their locations and their spatial requ irements. The queue configuration has an effect on the wait time and on customer behaviour. A queue is said to be finite if for example the spatial requirements are not sufficient to accommodate all waiting customers or if a universal parking garage has not enough parking lots and arriving customers have to be turned away (Fitzsimmons Fitzsimmons, 2006). The figure below shows several alternatives of waiting configurations and their advantages and disadvantages(Fitzsimmons Fitzsimmons, 2006).Figure 3 Queue Forms and Their FeaturesSource Pearce, 1989Another alternative is a virtual queue, usually on the telephone, which can be considered most frustrating for customers beca riding habit oftentimes they do not know their prepare in line when they are placed on hold (Fitzsimmons Fitzsimmons, 2006).2.4 Queue disciplineThe queue discipline is a policy established by management to select the next customer from the queue for service (Fitzsimmons Fitzsimmons, 2006). If the management a pplies the first- bed, first-served rule (FCFS) all customers are treated fairly and are served according to their position in line. This queue discipline is said to be static. In a dynamic queue discipline, however, the next customer to be served is selected according to one or more attributes, for example in the shortest-processing-time approach (SPT) customers who require short processing times are given priority. This is done by placing arrivals in different priority groups on the basis of some attributes and by applying the FCFS within each group. This practice is said to minimize the average time a customer spends in the queuing system. A advertize procedure which is common in a medical context is triage, where priority is given to those who do good most from an immediate treatment. The preemptive priority procedure is the most responsive queue discipline because service even is interrupted in order to serve an arriving customer with higher priority. This rule is applied in hand brake services or fire ambulance services (Fitzsimmons Fitzsimmons, 2006).2.5 Service processDue to variations in customer needs and server performances, the service time distribution can be of any form. However, if the service is simple to perform the service time distribution frequently is exponential (Fitzsimmons Fitzsimmons, 2006).Figure 4 Classification of Service ProcessesSource Fitzsimmons Fitzsimmons, 2006According to (Fitzsimmons Fitzsimmons, 2006) there are several possible service facility arrangementsService Facility Server ArrangementParking lot Self-servicerCafeteria Servers in seriesToll booths Servers in parallelSupermarket Self-serve, first stage parallel servers, second stageHospital Service in parallel and series, not all utilise by each patientA service facility arrangement with servers in parallel has the advantage that it is flexible in meeting variations in demand for service. The service capacity can be adjusted to meet changes in demand, especial ly if employees are cross-trained (Fitzsimmons Fitzsimmons, 2006).2.6 Economic, physical and psychological aspects of customer waitingEconomic cost of waitingFor the service organization the economic cost of waiting is the wage of an idle employee at times of low demand for service. Times of high demand for service and resulting excessive wait times for customers or even the expectation of long waits can lead to lost sales. For customers the cost of waiting is the forgone alternative use of that time at times of high demand for service plus the costs of boredom, anxiety, and other psychological distress (Fitzsimmons Fitzsimmons, 2006).Physical needs of waiting customersTo make the waiting experience more comfortable it is advisable to provide shelter from rain, sun or wind. Usually people relieve fatigue by leaning, flex and propping themselves against bars, rails and barriers therefore seats, queue rails, steps or leaning bars should be provided for waiting customers if possib le.Psychological needs of waiting customersAccording to 21 Fitzsimmons,James A. 2006 the perception of waiting often is more important to the consumer than the actual time spent waiting. If the customer expectation exceeds the perception the customer is unsatisfied and contributes to a bad theme of the service organization, if the perception exceeds the expectation the customer is satisfied with the service and contributes to a good reputation of the service organization 21 Fitzsimmons,James A. 2006. Customers waiting in line should not be excluded from an attentive service. Customers should be given the feeling that the service company knows that they are there and that service has started already 22 Pearce,Philip L. 1989.Psychological and physical needs of people in queues can be met with a range of innovative queue management techniques 22 Pearce,Philip L. 1989. Some methods to .. are named by 21 Fitzsimmons,James A. 2006(Fitz..) are animation, discrimination, automation and obf uscation. Animation and distraction lead to a shorter perceived waiting time because the attention is wasted away from the internal clock (Pruyn Smidts, 1998). 22 Pearce,Philip L. 1989 considers selective information provision as one of the most important methods because frustration, boredom and a range of negative emotional effects follow from this lack of information to the waiting to the waiting public.3. The Queuing System of the Klimahaus Bremerhaven 8 OstThe Klimahaus is a science centre in Bremerhaven which opened on 27th of June 2009. On an exhibition area of 11,500 m and 143 exhibition rooms the experiential museum presents data, facts and phenomena on climate and climate protection. As a relatively new attraction the museum experiences high demand and congestion, especially at weekends, holidays and in the summer season. 600,000 visitors were calculated per year but due to the novelty effect, the Klimahaus could welcome its millionth visitor after just 15 months of ope ration, on twenty-second of September 2010. (www.klimahaus.de). Considering the opening hours of the Klimahaus this gives on average 243visitors/hour, whereby the Klimahaus experiences substantive variations in demand which lead to waiting times up to 2,5 hours at some times. There are numerous attractions in the Havenwelten and the risk is high that people change their mind when confronted with a long queue in front of the slate antipathetic and go somewhere else. To keep the high level of visitor numbers even when the novelty effect has faded, the Klimahaus relies on satisfied customers who recommend a Klimahaus-visit to others and are will to visit the museum repeatedly, despite long waiting times that can occur. In the following the current queuing system of the Klimahaus is being evaluated and the physical, behavioural, and economic aspects of the consumer waiting experience are taken into account in order to make suggestions for the improvement of the waiting line management .3.1 Calling populationThe calling population of the Klimahaus consists of walk-in customers (either locals or tourists) who gain randomly and groups or school classes with reservations. For a group reservation a minimum of 15 people is required. While walk-in customers are not manageable group arrivals are planned and hence controllable. The number of walk-in customers is infinite whereas the number of groups on a circumstantial day can be considered finite because group reservations need to be made at least a day in advance. Hence, the probability of future group arrivals on a specific day depends on the number of groups currently in the system. Groups and school classes can be expected to have significant lower waiting expectations compared to walk-in customers due to their reservations which are linked to a front of the line-service upon arrival. Locals, again, can be expected to have lower waiting expectations than tourists because they can choose a less engross day or time for their Klimahaus-visit or at least buy their tickets at less busy times to negate waiting in line. Tourists oftentimes come to Bremerhaven at weekends or during holiday seasons and therefore may expect a longer wait. However, within each subpopulation the waiting expectations may differ importantly among customers due to their respective opportunity costs.3.2 Arrival processThe collection of arrival time data is necessary to get an understanding of the temporal and spatial distribution of demand for service in order to discern periods of high and low demand for service and measures to better match service capacity with service demand. However, no service demand data was available for this paper except from the visitor number of 1,000,000 on the 22nd of September 2010 which is published on the homepage and could be use to calculate the average number of visitors per hour in the first 15 months of operation with 243. As many other service organizations the Klimahaus experiences changeable demand and variable service times which leads to waiting times up to 2.5 hours at busy times. Those variations in demand affect the requirements for service capacity. When possible, the number of servers is adjusted to match changes in demand. Although the cross-trained employees of the Klimahaus are a perfect basis for adjusting service capacity to changes in demand, for the museum this strategy is only reasonable to a weakened extent. The exhibition itself has limited spatial capacity and annex the level of staff would result in overcrowding and reduce the level of security. Therefore, this paper is going to focus on other strategies to reduce waits or to make them at least more tolerable.3.3 Queue configurationAs the figure below shows, the Klimahaus applies a iodin line multiserver model where customers form a single line and are served by the first server available.Figure 5 Ticket counter at the KlimahausSource www.nordsee-zeitung.deFigure 6 Queue configuration of the Klimahaus Bremerhaven 8 Ost(Fitzsimmons Fitzsimmons, 2006) name the advantages and disadvantages of a single queue as followsGenerally a single queue arrangement guarantees fairness because customers are served in order of their arrival (first-come, first-served). However, as can be seen on Picture 2, the waiting line system of the Klimahaus does not hold back people from cutting-in because the biggest part of the waiting line is in front of the Klimahaus at the so called Havenplaza where no barrier ropes are being used. This fact, on the other hand, allows single members of a family or small group to leave the queue and e. g. to have a look at the Klimahaus -shop or the nearby shopping centre or to get some brochures from the tourist information.Since there is only one queue, customers do not feel anxious about whether they have selected the fastest line.Wait time is affected by the design of the waiting line system the single line model is more efficient in terms of reduc ing the average time that customers spend waiting in line.Figure 7 HavenplazaSource www.nordsee-zeitung.deA single-line approach comes with higher spatial requirements compared to a multiple lines approach because there is one long queue instead of several shorter queues. The Klimahaus-queue can be said to be infinite because the Havenplaza in front of the museum and the parking garages in the immediate vicinity offer sufficient capacity to accommodate arriving customers.Figure 8 Queue configuration of the Klimahaus Bremerhaven 8 Ost (high demand)Customers may interpret a long queue as evidence of a long wait and decide not to join the queue. (Fitzsimmons Fitzsimmons, 2006) suggest hiding a long waiting line from customers, e. g. by integrating the queue into the design of the building, to prevent customers from balking. The approach of integrating the queue into the design was not adopted by the museum, presumably due to space or cost reasons or because it is not that common for museums.(Pearce, 1989) on the other hand states that customers may prefer to see the end of a queue because it gives them a feeling of certainty. Although, in case of the Klimahaus visual introduction from the back of queue is poor as can be seen on Picture 2. However, to avoid frustration among arriving customers and to give them a feeling of certainty in order to make them join the queue, it is advisable to make information on the expected waiting time available (Fitzsimmons Fitzsimmons, 2006 Pearce, 1989).The single queue arrangement proves to be flexible at times of high demand because the number of servers can be adjusted, especially if employees are cross trained as it is the case in the Klimahaus. However, as mentioned earlier the Klimahaus itself has limited spatial capacity and increasing the level of staff would result in overcrowding and reduce the level of security.A disadvantage of the single line-approach is that people have to stand in line in contrast to the take a number-approach where people are free to wander around. The take a number-approach can be an attractive alternative because there is no need for a formal line and customers could go to the Klimahaus-shop or to the nearby shopping centre. On the other hand, customers have to stay alert otherwise they risk missing their turns for service.Queue width besides plays an important role. In contrast to a single wide queue, a wider queue like the one used by the Klimahaus is desirable because it enables family members to stand side by side in the queue which enables communication and children have more room to stretch and interact (Pearce, 1989).When considering the physical needs of people waiting in line, it can be noted that the Havenplaza is a cover hall which provides shelter from the sun or rain and has public toilets. On the other hand customers waiting in line have no possibilities to sit or lean (e. g. on hand rails) to relieve from fatigue.As mentioned earlier, animation and d istraction lead to a shorter perceived waiting time because the attention is drawn away from the internal clock (Pruyn Smidts, 1998). Above the ticket counter there is a tv screen that shows pictures and information regarding the exhibition but unfortunately it is only visible for customers waiting inside the building. When the wait time is especially long, occasionally an employee is deployed at the Havenplaza in order to answer questions of waiting customers, to hand out flyers to adults or balloons, gummi bears etc. to children. Moreover, sometimes the mascot of the Klimahaus, Max the climate mouse, animates children waiting in line.3.4 Queue disciplineGenerally the queue discipline of the Klimahaus is first come, first service, except for groups with reservations who benefit from a common front of the line service upon arrival.(Friedman Friedman, 1997) states that customers with high opportunity costs, e. g. tourists who have a short stay in Bremerhaven or explicitly come to B remerhaven for a Klimahaus-visit or customers who just do not like to wait in line, ability be highly sensitive to long waits and be volition to pay a premium for a faster service in a separate line to avoid waiting. Waiting line division might be an option for the Klimahaus to reduce waiting for the customers in the regular queue and the customers in the fast queue. If the premium covers the cost of the additional server, waiting line segmentation is a simple, cost-free strategy for increasing profit, employment, efficiency and customer satisfaction (Friedman Friedman, 1997).3.5 Service processNo service time data is available and need to be collected but the service time distribution can be considered to be exponential because the service is simple to perform.In case of the ticket counter at the entrance of the Klimahaus servers are arranged in parallel which has the advantage that variations in demand for service could be met by adjusting the number of servers to meet demand . Nevertheless, to avoid overcrowding in the exhibition there are regularly three but no more than four servers at the ticket counter at times of high demand.(Fitzsimmons Fitzsimmons, 2006) advise service managers to keep in mind that sustained pressure to hurry may increase the rate of customer processing, but it also sacrifices quality.4. Suggestions for ImprovementSince adjusting service capacity to meet high levels of demand cannot be considered a reasonable strategy for the Klimahaus to reduce waiting, other strategies like differential determine to encourage customers to use the off-peak hours should be taken into consideration (Fitzsimmons Fitzsimmons, 2006). Usually in the latter part of the day, the Klimahaus experiences lower demand because a visit takes 3 5 hours on average. For this reason it might be useful to offer an afternoon ticket which is cheaper the usual day-ticket to level demand. It needs to be analysed if such an offer would have a cannibalizing effect or a positive effect on revenue from entrance tickets.A further strategy to reduce waiting is waiting line segmentation which could also be an option for the Klimahaus because it is a simple, cost-free strategy for increasing profit, employment, efficiency and customer satisfaction. However, before implementing such a strategy the service organization would have to do some testing to determine the optimal size of premium and to determine the acceptance of customers. Customers who decide to stay in the regular queue or cannot afford to take the more expensive fast lane might perceive this practice as unfair and catering to the profuse which can result in a negative image of the Klimahaus (Friedman Friedman, 1997).Due to the significant variations in demand waiting in line for a ticket is inevitable and therefore the waiting experience should be made as pleasant as possible under the given circumstances. Because the biggest part of the queue forms not in the Klimahaus itself but at th e Havenplaza, the Klimahaus could be advised to prove the possibility of installing benches or leaning bars for the customers to relief from fatigue.Customers waiting in line should not be included in an attentive service and questions of arriving customers should be answered to give them security. If it is not feasible for cost reasons to have an employee answering questions in person, wait time-signs should be set and a FAQ-sheet which all important information should be made available to arriving customers. Also display panels or sheets (alongside the queue) which ask the waiting public questions, or which set them tasks to solve, assist both the information needs of the public and their perception of time (Pearce, 1989). Furthermore, the mascot, Max the climate mouse, is relatively unknown and could be used more often to animate children waiting in line with their families.5. ConclusionBy analysing the features of the queuing system at the entrance of the Klimahaus useful insigh ts could be gained. Due to significant variations in service demand, waiting in line to get a ticket is inevitable at times when service demand exceeds service capacity. change magnitude the number of servers at the ticket counter at times of high demand would compound overcrowding in the spatial limited exhibition and therefore increasing service capacity to meet demand cannot be considered an appropriate strategy for the Klimahaus to reduce waiting. Further investigation on this topic could be helpful to identify the optimal staffing level in consideration of the space limitation of the museum and to develop measures to reduce overcrowding in the exhibition.Possible strategies to shorten waits could be identify like waiting line segmentation or price differentiation. However, in order to effectively implement those strategies, service demand and service time data need to be collected and analysed. Moreover, by taking into account the physical and psychological needs of customers waiting in line, methods to make wait more tolerable could be identified to improve customers queuing experience, A more pleasant queuing experience can not only reduce balking, reneging and thus lost sales for the Klimahaus but also increase the customers overall satisfaction with the service.

Comparison of Oral Drug Administration Strategies

Comparison of viva Drug Administration StrategiesAbstractIn this literature assignment the spontaneous driveway of cheek will be discussed and further studied. Particular cropulations much(prenominal) as pads (including cuttable as well as buccal tablets), condensations, oral solutions, suspensions and emulsions which force out be applied by employ this selected route will be compargond and each differences or/and similarities between those will be identified. Oral locutions be usually the closely convenient for two(prenominal) children and adults and thus should be the first choice for example pain management etc or generally when pick outd. Speed of concentration (in the oral route it may be slow up depending on the preparation and the stomach contents) and duration of effect (slower dislodge compared to new(prenominal) routes for a prolonged effect) are also some(prenominal) of the factors below investigation in this study. According to the advantages and disadvantages of these different preparations it would be phthisisful to identify which is the about preferable formulation by patients followed by specific examples/ medicates which are administered orally.IntroductionDifferent drugs require different routes of administration and therefore different back breaker forms are produced in order the appropriate absorption to be achieved through the suitable form of the drug. each substance is absorbed in a different way by the human body. Hence different administration routes are provided and recommended for each substance under which the paneling of the drug will be absorbed, delivered and distributed much effectively.The deuce major classes where through the drug tin enter the human body are enteric and parenteral routes. In the enteral route the drug passes directly into the Gastroin turn upinal tract. Enteral route includes sublingual (under the tongue), oral (swallowing) as well as absorption of the drug through the rectu m. On the separate lapse parenteral routes postulate intravascular (the drug is administered into the blood stream), intramuscular (skeletal muscle), subcutaneous (into subcutaneous tissues) and inhalation routes of administration (where the drug is absorbed through the lungs).Parenteral routes, Routes of Drug Administration, RL Copeland,PH.D., Department of PharmacologyTopical preparations include those that result to either mucosal membranes (such as eye drops, nasal) or discase (dermal and transdermal for local and systemic action respectively).The forcible characteristics of the drug, its rate of absorption or/and douse as well as the possibility of the film of spunky concentrations at particular sites are some basic key factors that determine the route of administration for each drug. It should be also menti wholenessd that more than one route of administration can be advisable for the substance/drug depending on the patients condition.According to researches it has bee n proved that the oral route is the most popular route of administration between those that were referred above. This is imputable to its simplicity, convenience and safety provided. merely, there are some disadvantages of the oral route of drug administration involving the long magazine the drug take in order to show an effect as well as the interaction of drug substances with enzymes and/or secretions of the gastroin riddleinal tract. Gastric emptying time as well as the alteration of pH levels into the gastrointestinal tract are factors to investigate in order to achieve maximum absorption of the drug through the oral route.DiscussionTabletsNowadays, one of the most common dosage forms produced by pharmaceutical industries and preferent by the majority of patients is undoubtedly tablets. The category of compressed tablets is the most popular dosage form in use. Tablets are apply for either systemic drug deli real(prenominal) or for local drug action as well. They are more p referable than any other dosage form as they are taken orally by patients, which is a convenient and safe way of drug administration and are more fixed compared to liquids (physical and chemical stability). Different types of tablets (regarding their shape, size and drug dose) require a different formulation in order to be produced as each category has different properties and alterations may be needed in the choice of excipients each time and in methods used. That authority that every tablet is a different situation and as a result different steps should be followed.Tablets pay off comely advantages in par to other dosage forms. First of all they are easier to handle and the preparation procedure offers an accurate dosing of the drug. The possibility of mass production makes production of tablets cheaper and their chemical and physical stability is obviously better compared to liquid dosage forms. Tablets are also compliant with the majority of patients.Disadvantages of tablet s are noticed when they are dispensed especially in the elderly and pediatrics where swallowing difficulties are observed. They also belong to the category of slow-acting dosage forms (first-pass effect). Finally their poor bioavailability in combination with the decrease in PH all over the time complete the most weighty disadvantages and create points for improvement.The compressed tablet is the most popular, versatile but most technically difficult dosage form as well. According to European Pharmacopoeia (3rd edition, 1997) tablets are solid preparations each containing a single dose of one or more alert ingredients and obtained by compressing uniform volumes of particles. Million tablets are dispensed on a daily basis in the pharmacies all over the UK. Hence pharmacists should be completely sure of how they are made and the steps that follow during the production stage before they reach in the dispensary area of pharmacies.First of all, tablets are called pills by the majori ty of people. However this name is technically incorrect as tablets are made by coalescence whereas pills are an ancient solid dose forms prepared by hand into spherical particles about 4 to 6mm in diameter.As it was said above, tablets are made by a process of compression and that is their basic difference compared to pills. in that location are 2 main types of press in tablet production the single -punch press (or eccentric press) and the rotary press (or multistation press). There is one more type, called hydraulic press (used more in research and development work) which requires a more specialized equipment.The first very important factor for investigation in tablet formulation is sponginess. Because the majority of drugs do not have very good compression properties on their own usually require the addition of excipients. dispirited dose tablets (dose less than 50mg) are used to be prepared by direct compression whereas high dose ones (dose more than 50mg) by using skew-wh iff granulation technique. Compression properties could be understood better by studying the behaviour of elastic, plastic or fragmenting tablets under compression.Good flow (or optionly flowability) is the bordering attribute for investigation. In order to succeed that, tablets require the addition of different excipients (and not sole(prenominal) the active drug) such as lubricants, glidants, binders, disintegrants, antiadherents etc. Depending on the drug and the dose of the tablet each time (preparation of low or high dose tablets), different excipients are used. Excipients however, can affect powders properties thereof pharmaceutical industries need to study very well them and their properties in order to avoid any possible errors during the tableting process.325mg aspirin tablets, by Ragesoss, E. Johnson, 2010Tablets can be controlled by lading. The whole tablets weight combines the weight of the active drug (drug dose) and the weight of the excipients added after it. Tab leting process relies on consistent volumetric filling of the die space set by the tramp punch.Uniformity of tablets can be tested in two ways weight variation or content uniformity test. Weight variation test occurs for high dose tablets (dose 50mg) that are uncoated and contain at least 50 % of the active ingredient (drug). On the other hand, content uniformity test is used for coated tablets which contain again the same percentage (at least 50%) of the single active ingredient.In tablet manufacturing, tablets are prepared by powder compression. By that way particles are placed very close to each other and finally a defined size and shape is given. During compression procedure a die and two punches (upper and lower) are used. First of all die is a tool that is used by pharmaceutical industries for cutting or shaping frameworks by using press. On the other hand, punch is used to describe a hard metal rod which has two different ends a shaped tip and a blunt butt. The compressive force is applied by the upper punch while the lower one moves at the same time up and down within the tip.The image below describes the whole process from the time that the powder is moved to the die till the tablet is formed.The sequent of events relate in the formation of tablets. Pharmaceutics The science of dosage form design, edited by M.E, Aulton Second editionComing back to flowability, good flow depends on both active ingredients and the excipients added in the powder mix. The good flow of a powder mix can be ensured by measuring the angle of place or consolidation index. If flow properties are not very good, then lubricants and glidants are the most appropriate excipients for the improvement of the flow. It should also be noted that only glidants are able to improve a powders flow. Lubricants just decrease the extinction of friction and by that way the flow becomes better.More especially, by the addition of a lubricant the coefficient of friction between the die wall an d the tablet during ejection is reduced and by that way the powder has a better flowability. Magnesium stearate is the most commonly used lubricant especially for tablets and functions as an antiadherent. That means that by its addition, it prevents ingredients from picking and sticking to manufacturing equipment during the compression of chemical powders into solid tablets. It is also hydrophobic and reduces the compressibility of many formulations.On the other hand, glidants are added mainly to the dry powders to improve flowability. In general the addition of a glidant or lubricant or both of them can affect the excipients/powders flowability and bulk density. These additions can have great results and turn powders with a very poor flow to powders with a good flow.Apart from lubricants and glidants, formulation of tablets requires the use of other excipients as well. The filler for example which acts as a bulking agent, is used in order to increase the bulk volume of the powder and hence the size of the tablet when the dose of the active ingredient is too low (low dose of a potent drug requires the incorporation of a substance). An ideal filler has to be chemically inert, biocompatible, non-hygroscopic, soluble, compactible, quite tasty and not of very high cost. The filler used most widely is lactose as its properties look enough like the ideal fillers one.The addition of a disintegrant also ensures that the tablet when will be in contact with liquid will break up into smallish fragments. This promotes quick drug dissolution. During disintegration, the liquid comes in contact with the solid and penetrates the pores of the tablet. Afterwards the tablet breaks slowly into smaller fragments. Two categories of disintegrants exist those that facilitate pee using up (e.g. surfactants) and that rapture the tablet (e.g. starch).Sticking or picking properties of tablets depend on the addition of antiadherents. Antiadherents reduce adhesion between the powder an d the punch faces. Lots of lubricants can be used as antiadherents. Talc or starch have also similar properties. Magnesium stearate which is the most commonly used lubricant (especially for tablets) functions as an antiadherent as well. That means that by its addition, it prevents ingredients from picking and sticking to manufacturing equipment during the compression of chemical powders into solid tablets. It is also hydrophobic and reduces the compressibility of many formulations.Pharmaceutical industries can involve flavouring agents and colourants during tableting procedure too. First of all, a flavouring agent by its addition either gives a more pleasant taste in the tablet or mask an unpleasant one. Flavouring agents cannot be added prior to an operation involving heat as they are usually thermolabile. Usual flavouring agents are essential oils such as anise and cardamom, vanilla or peppermint.Colourant is the last excipient could be added during wet massing method in order to produce high dose tablets. global knowledge of colourants involve tablets identification and patients compliance. Even if colouring procedure finishes during coating stage, the colourant chosen could be added prior to compaction as well. Opacifiers like Titanium oxide and inorganic materials like Iron oxide are characteristic colourant examples.The choice of the appropriate excipients depends on the type of the tablet as different excipients give different properties. So chewable tablets are not intentional to disintegrate since mechanical action is supplied by the patient. Hence there is no need for disintegrants to be contained in to the relevant formulation. Although the drug is immediately released in the mouth, it is swallowed and absorbed from the stomach. Colouring and flavouring is also needed especially in the presence of antacids.Effervescent tablets are dissolved in a glass of water before administration. Plenty of analgesics use this specific type and during this proce ss disinitegration and dissolution are facilitated due to carbon dioxide liberation. Effervescent tablets have a rapid bioavailability and cause less stomach irritation. However extra protection from moisture is required in packaging.Finally extended release tablets have been designed in order to release the drug dose over 12-24 hours until the drug to result to Gastrointestinal tract. They are classified according to the mechanism of drug release (e.g. erosion, dissolution, diffusion etc).CapsulesThe second most common dosage form administered via the oral route are capsules. Capsules which are solid dosage forms are distinguished into two categories hard gelatine capsules and soft gels. Soft gelatine shells are consisted of less gelatine compared to hard gelatine ones (43%), 37% of glycerine and 20% of water. On the other hand, in hard gelatine shells no glycerine is added and larger amount of gelatine is obviously used. Although both capsule types are widely used, soft gels have some more advantages due to the accuracy and precision of dose that they offer, the accuracy of fill volume as well as the fact that they are preferred for high dose poorly compressible drugs. Generally discourse both capsule types are from the dosage forms that can be massively produced in a manufacturing scale and achieve appropriate dose in combination with the preferable size, shape and colour.Hard gelatin capsules Soft gelatin capsulesCapsules are more stable than liquid dosage forms and as it was mentioned above they contribute to accurate dosing. Such as with tablets, they are quite easy to administer and any unpleasant tastes can be slowly masked. Capsules release properties can be managed and further studied and it is also possible light resistant capsules to be produced. Patients compliance is another important issue too.The basic disadvantages are pretty much the same with those of tablets. Capsules as tablets are not indicated for people with swallowing difficulties including the elderly and children. They are also unsuitable for very small children and the use of animal gelatine in their formulation process might be an important religious issue.The aim of developing a capsule formulation is first of all to prepare a capsule with accurate dosage, good bioavailability, stability, elegance and facility in the production stage.In capsule formulation is very important the mixture that will be added into the capsules to have been blended very well and being 100% homogenous. Disintegrants are usually included in capsule formulation in order to help capsules contents to be distributed in the stomach.Aqueous solutions cannot be filled in hard gelatin capsules because water softens the gelatin and destroys the capsules. However, there are some exceptions of a few aqueous solutions (included oils) that can be added in hard gelatin capsules.In general, capsules are consisted of two main parts the body and the cap. Almost all of the pharmaceutical companie s that produce hard gelatin capsules use gelatine produced by ingrained bovine spongiform encephalopathy. This material is a good film former, soluble in water and is able to fluid in GI at normal body temperature without to release any of the ingredients of the capsule.Capsules are available in a variety of sizes and the appropriate size is chosen each time according the fill volume of the ingredients.Capsule sizesIn hard gelatine capsules and generally in capsules, there is one extra step compared to tablets that is the dissolution of the capsule shell. When the capsule will pass through the GI and will be placed in a dissolution medium at approximately 37C, the gelatin will start gradually to dissolve. So, firstly the cap and afterwards the body will start to melt, and as a result the dissolution medium will penetrate into the capsule ingredients.Oral SolutionsSolutions are from the oldest dosage forms used in pharmaceutical formulations. Their strongest advantage is based on th e fast and high absorption of soluble medicinal products. Being from the simplest formulations to prepare concerning both time and cost, solutions are still one of the leading dosage forms due to their application in patients with swallowing difficulties and their easy administration. For example they are administered in geriatrics, in paediatrics as well as in patients in intensive care or patients suffering from psychiatric problems. Solutions are divided in oral solutions (elixirs, linctuses, syrups, mixtures, draughts, booze and paediatric drops), in external solutions (lotions, liniments, external applications and collodions), in gargles and mouthwashes as well as in enemas and douches.Care pholcodine oral solution BPFocusing on the oral solutions, they contain a liquid which is characterized by its homogeneity and in which one or more active ingredients have been dissolved. Contrary to suspensions, in solutions there is no need for shaking before use. Most times, water is the preferred vehicle due to its multiple properties. Solutions offer immediate absorption of the drug and the drug dose can be also shaped regarding the patients needs.On the other hand, the drug stability is importantly affected in solutions and unpleasant tastes cannot be so easily masked as in other dosage forms (for example in tablets). As with suspensions, solutions do not offer a convenient transport due to possible container breakages. Other disadvantages involve the use of a measuring device in order to administer the appropriate dose to the patient which further requires a relevant technical accuracy. Finally, the fact that some of the drugs are poorly soluble enables the creation of a vehicle which usually consists of water and a variety of other solvents in order the chosen drug to be dissolved.Solubility which is an important factor to investigate in solutions, is directly connected to particle size, stirring, viscosity and temperature. sensual and chemical stability are other factors that need to be taken in consideration while dealing with the formulation of this specific dosage form.Oral SuspensionsGenerally speaking suspensions cover a wide range of pharmaceutical products involving enemas, ear drops, inhalations etc. Focusing on the suspensions administered via the oral route (mixtures for oral use) at least one of the active ingredients is suspended in a vehicle. According to the British Pharmacopoeia oral suspensions are oral liquids containing one or more active ingredients suspended in a suitable vehicle. Suspended solids may slowly separate on standing but are easily redispersed. Suspensions are an alternative way of drug administration which would not be so convenient for use if taken in other dosage forms (e.g. tablet). They are preferred from patients who construe swallowing difficulties and they are indicated for paediatric or/and geriatric use.Paracetamol oral suspensionSome of the advantages of suspensions over other pharmaceutical formulations involve the palatability and stability that can be achieved using insoluble drugs. As it was mentioned above it is easier to swallow suspended insoluble powders and the absorption stage will be really faster that any other solid dosage forms which require dissolution before absorption.On the other hand, shaking is necessary before use and most times the dose is not as accurate as in equivalent solution. The disperse system can be also affected depending on the storage conditions. Finally it is not so easy to transport suspensions and extra caution is needed due to possible container breakages in this specific dosage form.Suspensions are further categorized into diffusible and indiffusible ones. Diffusible suspensions use light insoluble (or very slightly soluble) powders which during shaking require longer time to disperse uniformly (compared to indiffusible suspensions) in order to be made up to an accurate dose. Light Kaolin BP and Magnesium Trisilicate BP are some co mmon diffusible powders which are completely insoluble in the water. Calamine BP and Zinc oxide BP are some of the commonly used indiffusible powders (heavy powders which are not soluble in the vehicle). One of the basic differences between these two categories is that in indiffusible suspensions a suspending agent is added for facilitating the vehicle to be thickened.Oral EmulsionsBritish Pharmacopoeia states that oral emulsions are oral liquids containing one or more active ingredients. They are stabilised oil-in-water dispersions, either or both phases of which may contain dissolved solids. Solids may also be suspended in oral emulsions. When issued for use, oral emulsions should be supplied in wide-mouthed bottles.Q-LAX Oral emulsionGenerally speaking the term emulsion is connected to applications with external use, lotions and creams. However pharmaceutically it is used for preparations that are used to be administered via the oral route. Emulsions are dispersions of oil in wat er or the opposite. Tiny droplets indicate the dispersed phase. Therefore the use of an emulsifying agent is necessary in order to assure that the oil phase is normally dispersed in the presence of water. Oral emulsions are usually oil-in-water whereas those that are intended for external use are usually water-in-oil respectively.As in suspensions, the artificial palatability of tasteless drugs in emulsions is a strong advantage. It is also quite easy to flavour the aqueous phase and the sensation or/and the taste of the oil is something that can be easily removed. This dosage form has an increased rate of absorption and can combine even two incompatible ingredients (one in oily and another one in the aqueous phase).Passing to the disadvantages, some similarities can be identified between emulsions and solutions. The first one is the use of a measuring device in order to administer the appropriate dose to the patient which requires a relevant technical accuracy. Stability can be af fected depending on the storage conditions and as in suspensions (but not in solutions), a good shake of the preparation is required before administration. As it was mentioned twice above, emulsions, suspensions and solutions do not offer a convenient transport due to possible container breakages. Finally in emulsions cracking can be caused due to the microbial contamination of the preparation.Although emulsions are a very helpful and useful dosage form in pharmaceutics, they are widely used more in external preparations than in internal ones (via the oral route). certaintyDifferent drugs are administered via different routes of administration. Criteria such as either the speed or the efficiency with which the drugs act are decisive in order to lease the most appropriate route of administration and consequently the dosage form. More specifically, in terms of the oral route of drug administration different dosage forms were analyzed, discussed and their advantages and disadvantages were compared. Of course it is pointless to say that one of these dosage forms which are taken orally (tablets, capsules, oral suspensions, solutions and emulsions) is the best as each one covers specific aspects and purposes and is used under different circumstances. Tablets is the most commonly used dosage form with a very interesting as well as complicated manufacturing background. They are available in different types (e.g. immediate, modified release etc) and they are most preferable by patients. Capsules is another solid dosage form which is also preferred by patients. Tablets and capsules as solid preparations share common advantages. However patients compliance is their strongest one. When tablets or capsules cannot be swallowed then the use of other oral dosage forms such as solutions, suspensions or emulsions is necessary. Swallowing difficulties can be found especially in the elderly, in children or in patients in intensive care or with psychiatric support. Solutions and suspensions are used more widely than emulsions intended for internal use (via the oral route). Basic differences between those focus on palatability and stability of the preparation. To add up it needs to be mentioned that it is not up to the formulator to decide the route of administration of each drug. This is solely determined by the physical characteristics of the drug itself, absorption and release factors.

Hialeah | City and Cultural Analysis

Hialeah City and Cultural AnalysisHialeah in any case known as The City of Progress is a vivacious, varied and multiethnic society. In this urban center is commons to see pot walking in the sideways, batch paying dominoes in the back yard, regular people set in handicap parking space, and Cubans weighing their lugg period in groceries store to go to Cuba. Spanish is required to survive and superhuman reflexes be necessary to drive. However, its inhabitants are intumesce known for beingness warm, hardworking and tenacious people that come shaped the community in many aspects such as cultur bothy, economically, and socially during the past years.Windshield Survey physical environmentHialeah is a metropolis located in the centerfield of Miami Dade County. It is the sixth largest municipality in Florida, serving over 224,000 residents living in approximately 20-square miles (Hialeah, 2017). According to Google maps Hialeah has a size area of 19.7mi and 0.5 mi of that area is on water (Google Maps, 2017). It is immediately surrounded by cities like Miami Lakes, Opa -Locka, Hialeah Gardens and Miami Springs among some others. Find attached the Map of the City (Interesting facts about, 2013)A trip though Hialeah squirt expose the economic level differences that exists inwardly the city. The west of Hialeah is a to a greater extent residential like town and its houses are more modern than those in the east because they are newer. The houses are well structured and equipped with ultimate conditions. Many of the houses are bordering rivers and canals where the view can be astonishing, therefore increasing the value of the houses. As you move near the west side of the city, different ve begination can be perceived with a mixture of liberal landscaping and impeccable cleanliness. The main streets that divide the north from the south are 103rd and 68th which are satu prescribed with a great variety of stores to include groceries, clothing, home progr ession material, pharmacies and many others. The main streets are also the place to go when there is a sizable celebration as a result of a sports advantage brought home by either the Miami Marlins, Heat or Dolphins. The Hialeah people would gather and make noises with pans, musical instruments and car honks.On the other hand, as one cruises around the east side of the city, a huge difference can be perceived. Houses are typically smaller because they are older, even though some have spacious patios, there is lack of landscaping maintenance and the streets can be noned less clean. In addition, the shopping centers contain all types of mechanical shops and throw out yards which tend to give the impression of a deserted and neglected neighborhood. There isnt a great variety of store in this area and about of the season residents prefer to drive to other locations within the city to buy their goods.Health and social servicesFrom a medical exam standpoint, Hialeah is a well-equip ped and prepared city that counts with satisfactory health and social services to meet existence needs. The city has shelters for the needy population, in addition to other services like resources for the homeless and clinics. It also offers intervention centers which provide alcohol and drug rehabilitation. For instance, The Salvation Army Hialeah Support is a facility in charge of providing disaster services, hand brake financial assistance, transitional housing, and emergency shelter (Army, 2017). Hialeah also houses the Safe Heaven facility which is a youth emergency shelter. Animal shelters are also available for the care protection, medical and toleration services for pets or homeless animals.There are three main hospitals in the city Palmetto General Hospital, Hialeah Hospital, and Palm Spring Hospital which recently transitioned to Larkin connection Hospital. These hospitals cover all emergency, non-emergency problems of the population as well as maternal needs, pedia trics, surgery, acute and non-acute hospitalization. There are also many urgent care and medical centers like CAC Florida Medical and Leon Medical. This last two put more attention in the care for the growing elderly population by managing their degenerative diseases. ane example is Diabetes Mellitus which places the children and elderly population at guess due to the increasing rate of obesity.More than 100 star sign Health Agencies can be bring throughout the city. These agencies hire Nurses, both RN and LPNs, HHA, Physical and Occupational therapists, Case Managers and Social Workers. Among the services provided by these agencies is Private Duty treat, Home Health Aide, Home health visits for wound care, insulin administration, rehabilitation and hospitalization prevention. Among the most important agencies we can find Paradise Home Health Care and AA health servicesAs a major aspect of the medicinal services needs of the populace, Hialeah provides traditional healer servic es such as Santeros and Babalawos who typically prescribe natural and herbal tea remedies. Santeria gives devotees spiritual comfort as any other religion and furthermore provides spiritual healing that in the end brings is said to bring physical healing. Santeria is well known for utilizing ceremonies, figurines, elixirs, supplications and in some instances animal sacrifices to obtain in return what is needed and asked for. Other practices such as acupuncture, cupping and yoga can found though it is less common.EconomyHialeah is an important commercial center in Miami Dade. With a vast amount of striving businesses such as Target, Starbucks, Best Buy, Walmart, Home store and local business like Navarro, Sedanos and La Carreta, the city provides employment and the economy is maintained at a balanced flow. Many businesses have changed their strategies to attract the Latin community that inhabits Hialeah. For example, Publix came up with a Latin version and now offers a variety of La tin products, Spanish information and the beloved Cuban coffee also known as the black gold. Economically speaking, Hialeah has always remained stable even during the recent economic crisis. Although some businesses took some drastic measures during the crisis such as cut back personnel, the community loved to remain strong and steady.Even though the city was dependable of manufacturing factories, during the 1970s and 1980s most of them closed thus leaving many people without reflects and steady incomes. However, Hialeah has always been resilient and new electronics and technology businesses moved in and started to increase the local economy by creating hundreds of new employment opportunities. The current unemployment rate for Hialeah is 5.4% (Home Facts, 2017). Besides the constant creation of new jobs, there are also new construction plans in the city that continue to offer more jobs to the population thus helping the economy furthermore.Safety and transportationAll Ways Lead to Hialeah is one of the citys first slogans. Being conveniently located in the heart of northwest Dade, the city has access to every major expressway (I-75, Palmetto Expressway, Florida Turnpike, US 27 (Okeechobee Road) (Hialeah, 2017a). Since it is surrounded by Opa-Locka and Miami, it has direct access to the Miami International Airport as well as the Opa-Locka Airport. The Miami Metrorail and Tri-Rail/Metrorail Transfer stations serve Hialeah to move around the city and even the state. The city also offers its own everyday transportation which helps make better traffic by making it less demanding for occupants to drive. Sidewalks and bike lines are also available for those who prefer a more healthy and opened air transportation. notwithstanding its accommodations, 73.8% of the population prefers to use a car or a truck to drive to and from work. Only 5.2% of the population uses public transportation, 2.2 % walks, 1.2% uses other means like motorbike or motorcycle vehicles a nd 2.7% work at home (Foutz MPO, 2008). Driving in this city can be very challenging. According to Allstate, Hialeah is ranked as the ordinal city with the worst drivers, for that reason, insurance policies tend to be much higher compared to adjacent cities. (Munzenrieder, 2016).Hialeah is a full-service city, including practice of law, Fire, Water Sewer, and Public Works. The City has a long news report of providing these services (Hialeah, 2017b). The Hialeah Fire Department (HFD) had its beginnings when the City was founded in 1925. Is rated as a class 1 fire discussion section and it serves a population of more than 250,000 people (Hialeah, 2017b). The fire department is comprised by professionals that provide services integration between fire protection, emergency medical services, water rescue, environment protection, riskous materials response, fire and hazard risk reduction inspection and prevention services (Hialeah, 2017b).The Hialeah police department is the 75th l argest law enforcement in Florida (Hialeah, 2017c). The nuisance rate in Hialeah for theft and proportion crime is 45 in a scale 1(low)-100 (Best places, n.d.). It is a very alarming concern but the community feels save as the police department provides a secure environment by acting immediately in case of incidences by protecting the animation and property of the community (Hialeah, 2017c). The water and pot department make sure that water in potable and safe for the community and make notifications if any contamination occurred.Politics and governmentThe City of Hialeah is the ordinal largest city in the State of Florida. There is no city manager but it has a city manager-Council type government (Hialeah, 2017d). The mayor is the Chief Executive ships officer and is trustworthy for the everyday functions of the city. All departments in the division report directly to the Mayor. He is responsible for presenting annual budgets to the City Council in order for them to be app roved. The Mayor is not a voting member however, he has the power to veto which can be overridden only by 5 of the 7 members of the vote Council.The city of Hialeah was incorporated in the year 1925, which is when the process of elections came into place. It has grown from one voting poll to well over 500 voters in 1925, to 50 voting precincts to just about 97,000 voters in 2013. City elections are held every two years, unlike other cities since there are no more than 4 seats of the council are depicted object to election at any one time. Elections are normally held in November at odd number years. Last election was held in 2015. Mayor and council meetings are held every 2nd and 4th Tuesday of each month and are open to the public. These meetings take place at The City Hall.The Mayor also has an advisory come along which consists of, Veterans affairs, Planning and Zoning, Cultural Affairs, and Historic, just to name a few. These councilmen and women meet regularly and help the Ma yor with his day to day decision making. What makes these board members acquainted to council the Mayor is the fact that they reside within the community and are registered voters in Hialeah. They are elected every seven years and the group consists of seven individuals who are responsible for passing legislation, which in turn helps the Mayor run the city more efficiently and help to approve the budgets for city plans.CommunicationCity of Hialeah has many volunteer(a) centers and parks where residents can gather together. There are a variety of amenities and activities that residents of every age group can benefit from. They provide self-aggrandizing programs such as Zumba and art classes. For instance, Goodlet Performing Arts nubble has award-winning classes, programs and lessons in theater dance and music. Hialeah has four adult centers that provide free day-by-day lunch and activities for seniors. Also, adults with developmental disabilities can participate in citys adult th erapeutic recreational centers and daily program.The newspapers that are common in the city of Hialeah are untried Times Romance and La Voz de la Calle. La Voz de la Calle provides news and information of interest to Hispanic community in Greater Miami, Florida area. It covers ethnic ordering and culture. The city has its own TV channel called Hialeah 77. It provides residents with informative and entertaining content so they can be connected to the city of Hialeah. Also, a variety of other channels are available through Comcast cable which include all local channels and Spanish channels like Univision and Telemundo. The most common programs they enchant watching are Marlins baseball games, Caso Cerrado and Mexican soap operas. Formal communication in Hialeah includes Code Enforcement and Code of Ordinance. tuitionCity of Hialeah has approximately 35 public schools and more than 10 private schools. In addition, the city has a Miami Dade College, Florida National University and Ev erest Institute. Hialeah schools are rated among the most equitable in the nation for poor students. (Miami Herald, 2016). City of Hialeah Education Academy is ranked 31st within Florida state and Hialeah Gardens has overall grade B in academics. High school graduation rates continue to full across Florida, Miami-Dade and Hialeah. They beat state average with 78.1 percent graduation rate because more students are earning high school diplomas than ever before. (Miami Herald, 2016).There is a variety of after school programs available for students in the City of Hialeah. They include Sports and Dance studio centers, Goodlet Tennis center, Kidz City Learning Center, CB Learning Center and After-school Center among many others. Step Ahead Youth enrichment program offers free after-school activities for high school students with special needs. Extracurricular activities such as music liberal arts and sports are also available.Hialeah which is included in the Miami-Dade County and has on ly about third onsite health aids, with every three schools sharing a suckle. The Childrens Trust, which helps fund the program, says it will regenerate the aides with full-time nurses next year at 145 schools. The other 200 schools in the county share 14 nurses provided by the health department (Sun Sentinel, 2016).The teach Board of Miami-Dade County conducts much of its business through School Board Committees. Committee Meeting Announcements are posted 5 working days prior to the meeting. each committee is shown with its constituent board members and deputy superintendents (DadeSchools.net). The Department of Education and residential district Services of the City of Hialeah promotes lifelong learning, an informed citizenry, literacy, an enhanced quality of life and broadened horizons for all residents of Hialeah through libraries, adult centers, after-school programs, summer and holiday camps, and special Population Center for adults with disabilities.Residents have access to depository library systems which is composed of one Main library and five branches. Hialeah Public Libraries serve the 225,000 residents of Hialeah, a divers(prenominal) and vibrant city and the second largest in Miami-Dade County. Hialeah Libraries has a strong community focus, a variety of advance(a) programming, a broad array of relevant materials in multiple formats and networked computers that provide internet access in all six branch facilities (City of Hialeah, 2017). The major education issues community is facing are the budget, new standards and testing, expanding school choices and school safety.ResourcesThe City of Hialeah has 23 beautiful parks with hundreds of acres of green space and recreational facilities. Among the diverse places to go, the most popular include Amelia Earhart Park and the Hialeah Race Track Park and Casino. Residents can use a variety of amenities designed for every age group and activity. The city maintains seven water parks, one aquatic cent er, and seven community pools. For younger the generation a variety of programs are provided which include baseball, basketball, cheerleading, pivot football, soccer, tennis, and volleyball. The city offers a wide range of free cultural activities, programs and events that appeal to the different backgrounds for its residents.Community Strengths and WeaknessStrengthsHialeah is a full-service city, including Police, Fire, Water Sewer, and Public Works.It is a community with recreational and educational programs available for residents at a low cost or free. For example residents have access to the library systems, after- school and camp programs.The city is a multicultural place giving its residents the opportunity to be part of variousCultural activities and learn about different backgrounds, beliefs and costumes to better understand and cause one another.Hialeah is and will always be known as The City of Progress because of its resilient and constantly evolving economy that allo ws for various employment opportunities.One of the city most important and nationally well-known historic places is the Hialeah Race Track Park and Casino, built in 1925 which has always been vital because it fashions a variety of job positions.Hialeah is a family-centered community that houses many different cultural and heritage traditions that can be witnessed among the different nationalities that co-exist.Allows residents to feel secure to walk around the neighborhoods.Great ethnicity diversity.Apartments and Houses are more affordable compared to other areas of Miami.Stability of house ownership is high and properties are passed down to the next generations.Responsiveness of Local Officers is fast and accurate most of the times.Neighbors have intricate relationships and tend to help each others.WeaknessesHialeah traffic can be a major problem and challenge for residents and visitors.Children obesitys incidence continues to increase.Unkempt properties primarily on the east sid eRental properties Inadequate screening and Lack of MaintenancePlan Addressing Community WeaknessesFor many chronic conditions, ethnic or racial factors function as risk markers rather than risk factors. Risk markers as we know are factors that help to identify persons who may have an elevated risk of developing a specific condition but that do not themselves contribute to its development (Clark, 2008). According to the division of adult and community Health, for many chronic diseases, race and ethnicity are probably markers for differences in health behaviors, access to health care, and other factors that contribute to the development of disease (Clark, 2008). The Hispanic population leaving in Hialeah Florida is a great example of this fact. Those living in this population are at greater risk of developing diabetes mellitus and hypertension among other chronic diseases not because they are Hispanics but because of a combination of factors that is common to all or most of them (i.e . culture, type of food consumed, social economic status, access to health etc.) that puts the population as whole at a greater risk for developing those diseases. However, this report will focus on the impact of diabetes mellitus on this population by considering the different components that community nurses must consider when caring for this population.Diabetes mellitus is a chronic illness that requires a lifetime of special self-management behaviors. It presents its own challenges for the community health nurses to manage. found on assessment data, major nursing diagnoses in this community may include the followingKnowledge deficit related to disease process as evidenced by patient not using medical consumption therapy as prescribed (MNT).Risk for changeable volume deficit related to polyuria and dehydration. unruffled and electrolyte imbalance related to fluid loss or shifts.Deficient cognition about diabetes self-care skills or information.Anxiety related to loss of control , fear of inability to manage diabetes, misinformation related to diabetes, fear of diabetes complication. (Smeltzer, Bare, Hinkle Cheever, 2010)The major goals for these patients may includeMaintenance of fluid and electrolyte balance,Optimal control of blood glucose levels,Ability to perform diabetes survival skills and self-care activities, andAbsence of complications.Nursing interventions may includeMaintaining fluid and electrolyte balance by controlling intake and output, administering IV fluids as prescribed, encouraging oral fluid intake when permitted.Increase knowledge about diabetes management first by assessing the patients understanding and adherence to the diabetes management plan and teach as needed.Monitoring and managing potential complications such as fluid overload due to administration of large volume of fluid at a rapid rate.Teaching patient self-care. The patient is taught survival skills, including treatment modalities such as diet, insulin administration, mo nitoring of blood glucose, and for for type I diabetes, monitoring of urine ketones.Follow up education is arranged with a home care nurse and dietitian or an outpatient diabetes education center.The importance of self-monitoring and of monitoring and follow-up primary health care providers is reinforced by the nurse, and the patient is reminded about the importance of care follow-up appointments. (Smeltzer, Bare, Hinkle Cheever, 2010).Nursing EvaluationExpected outcomes may include the followingPatient achieves fluid and electrolyte balance by demonstrating intake and output balance, exhibits electrolyte values within normal limits, and exhibits vital signs that remain stable with resolution of orthostatic hypotension and tachycardia.Patient demonstrates knowledge about diabetes management by identifying factors leading to hypoglycemia or hyperglycaemia and by identifying factors to prevent the development of these complications.Patient exhibit normal cardiac rate and rhythm and normal breath sounds patient exhibits no jugular nervure distention, exhibits blood glucose and urine ketone levels within target range. (Smeltzer, Bare, Hinkle Cheever, 2010)ConclusionHialeah The City of Progress owes its name to its residents that never cease to seek improvement of their quality of life. From small businesses to big corporations, the city allows for its residents to have jobs and continue to grow within the community. Being able to speak Spanish can be a great asset if proviso to live in Hialeah, however residents have adapted to have the younger bilingual generation to make all translations for them. Driving around the city can be somewhat challenging but it can also be due to the fact that it is overpopulated and that most people are employed and need to get to and from work at around the same time. Despite its weaknesses and sometimes unkempt appearance, Hialeah is a city with a great potential and has a community full of hope and goals. A community of Hisp anic immigrants that have gone through the roughest of times by leaving their native countries, separating from immediate family and having to build a life from scratch at 40 years of age. Their heritage and cultural backgrounds have been embedded in the Hialeah we now see and the result is astonishing because they have managed to create a little piece of their country within the US.AttachmentsCity of Hialieah map(Interesting facts about, 2013)ReferencesArmy, T. S. (2017). The salvation army about the salvation army. Retrieved January 21, 2017, from http//www.salvationarmyusa.org/usn/aboutBest places. Hialeah, Florida crime. Retrieved January 22, 2017, from http//www.bestplaces.net/crime/city/florida/hialeahClark, M. (2008). Community health nursing. (fifth ed.). Prentice Hall. DOIwww.prenhall.com/clarkFoutz, L., MPO. (2008). Hialeah transit system express bus route and enhanced service Hialeah transit system. Retrieved from http//miamidadempo.org/library/studies/hialeah-transit-s ystem-express-bus-route-enhanced-service-final-draft-2008-03.pdfGovernment and Politics History retrieved from http//www.hialeahfl.gov/ http//www.hialeahfl.gov/index.php?lang=en www.hialeahfl.gov/index.php?option=com_contentview=articleidGoogle Maps. (2017). Hialeah size area. Retrieved January 22, 2017, from https//www.google.com/search?q=hialeah+size+areaoq=hiaaqs=chrome.0.69i59l3j69i57j69i60l2.1726j0j7sourceid=chromeie=UTF-8Hialeah, C. (2017a). City of Hialeah, Florida Transportation. Retrieved January 21, 2017, from http//www.hialeahfl.gov/index.php?option=com_contentview=articleid=6Itemid=385lang=enHialeah, C. (2017b). City of Hialeah, Florida Fire. Retrieved January 22, 2017, from http//www.hialeahfl.gov/index.php?option=com_contentview=articleid=57Itemid=274lang=enHialeah, C. (2017c). City of Hialeah, Florida Police department. Retrieved January 22, 2017, from http//www.hialeahfl.gov/index.php?option=com_contentview=articleid=119Itemid=387lang=enHialeah, C. (2017d). City o f Hialeah, Florida your government. Retrieved January 29, 2017, from http//www.hialeahfl.gov/index.php?option=com_contentview=articleid=14Itemid=386lang=enHome Facts. (2017). Hialeah, FL unemployment. Retrieved January 22, 2017, from http//www.homefacts.com/unemployment/Florida/Miami-Dade-County/Hialeah.htmlInteresting facts about Hialeah, Florida. (2013). Retrieved from http//www.bestplaces.net/city/florida/hialeahMunzenrieder, K. (2016, May 24). Allstate claims Hialeah has Americas 4th worst drivers, Miami 8th. Retrieved January 22, 2017, from News, http//www.miaminewtimes.com/news/allstate-claims-hialeah-has-americas-4th-worst-drivers-miami-8th-6549947Smeltzer, S., Bare, B., Hinkle, J., Cheever, K. (2010).Medical-surgical nursing. (twelfth ed.).New York The Point.Strengths Weaknesses Opportunities Threats Community History. Retrieved from www.fergursoncity.com/DocumentView.aVeiga, C. (2016, March 31). Hialeah, Miami Schools Rated Among Most Equitable in the Nation for Poor Stud ents. Miami Herald.Welcome to Miami-Dade County Public Schools. (2016, December7). Retrieved January 29, 2017, from http//dadeschools.net/YI, K. (2016, May 1). Schools Lack Nurses to Meet Growing Need. Sun Sentinel.

Comparing the Two Theories of Cognitive Development Essay -- Papers Ps

Comparing the Two Theories of Cognitive Development There are three main types of cognitive study. There is Piagets possible action, Vygotskys opening and the Information processing approach. The two theories that I am going to compare and contrast are Piaget and Vygotskys theories. There are many differences between these two theories, only if there are also many similarities too. Piaget suggests that cognitive development takes place as a result of experiences which force the child to accommodate impudent information, creating new schemas and occasionally leading to a qualitatively different kind of thinking- moving from one stage to another, but these changes need to depend on readiness. However, Vygotsky placed more than of an emphasis on the importance of social context in transforming elementary into higher mental functions, and the role of the ZPD in understanding how this transformation takes place. Piagets theory, also cognize as the dis covery learning theory, brought up two ways in which schemas became more complex, assimilation and accommodation. Assimilation is basically the process of fitting new information and experiences into existing schemas, and accommodation is the process of changing the existing schemas when new information cannot be assimilated. An example of this could be when a child has a schema wings, beak and cosmos able to fly (a normal bird). Every new instance of a creature with the same characteristics is assimilated into this schema. But when that child sees an plane in the sky, the child asks what it is. The aeroplane challenges the current schema. This new information cannot be assimilated into the ... ...cross cultural research based on Piagets theory. Piaget produced the first comprehensive theory of childrens cognitive development. The theory has been more extensively developed than any other it has changed our ideas about children and has had a general i nfluence on educational practice has. Also the good theories should generate research and Piagets theory has certainly done so. Piagets theory under emphasizes the role of language and social interaction in cognitive development. Vygotskys theory focuses on the process of cognitive development rather than the outcome, and this is harder to test. Vygotskys ideas on cognitive development have had considerable influence. Although Vygotsky produced very little direct empirical evidence, other researchers have provided support for his ideas and their application.

Brain Tumors and Work :: Medical Workforce Lesion Essays

Brain Tumors and WorkGoing Home after a brain tumour or lesion can be exciting, joyous, and fearful for the whole family. It can be hard to leave the security of your doctors and nurses, even though they are only a phone call away. Luckily social services can help homecoming along with the umteen laws protecting people with disabilities. EmploymentThe workforce includes many individuals with psychiatric disabilities who face booking disagreement because their disabilities are stigmatized or misunderstood. Congress intended Title I of the Americans with Disabilities do work (adenosine deaminase) (1990) to combat such employment discrimination as well as the myths, fears, and stereotypes upon which it is based. The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC or Commission)(2005)receives a large number of charges under the ADA alleging employment discrimination based on psychiatric disability. These charges raise a wide array of legal issues including, for example, whether an in dividual has a psychiatric disability as defined by the ADA and whether an employer may ask about an individuals psychiatric disability. People withpsychiatric disabilities and employers also have posed numerous questions to the EEOC about this topic. The purpose of the ADA is to (1) provide a clear and comprehensive national mandate for the elimination of discrimination against individuals with disabilities (2) provide a clear, strong, consistent, enforceable standard addressing discrimination against individuals with disabilities (3) ensure that the federal official Government plays a central role in enforcing the standards established in this chapter on behalf of individuals with disabilities and (4) invoke the sweep of congressional authority, including the power to enforce the fourteenth amendment and to mystify commerce, in order to address the major areas of discrimination faced day to day by people with disabilities.The first employment lawsuit filed under the Americans w ith Disabilities Act of 1990 (ADA) was on behalf of a brain tumor survivor. In July 1992, Charles L. Wessel, Executive Director of AIC Security Investigations, was fired with one days notice after singing his company he had inoperable brain metastases from lung cancer. The pelf-based companys owner told Mr. Wessel that his position had been eliminated. On November 5, 1992, the EEOC filed this first federal ADA test case with their Chicago district office. The EEOC claimed Mr. Wessel was able to perform the essential functions of his role of executive director and that his firing violated Title I of the ADA. EEOC lawyers described the case as a classic example of the type of